Community-Based Corrections and Evidence-Based Practices

Community based corrections and the evidence based practices The residential community corrections facilities (RCCF) are now a common idea in the USA that directed at helping curb the rise in crime but at the same time decongesting the prisons as well as rehabilitation the deviants within the society. The residents live within the facility and not in their homes, they must also be employed or at least on part time jobs, the residents can also leave the facility at any time to go to verified work, the residents can also leave the institution for any other reason but these must be pre-approved. There are various RCCfs that are found in the US today all with varied people that they serve though with a common goal of reducing crime and recidivism. These facilities are community corrections centers, halfway houses, intermediate sanction facility, mentally ill offender facility, parole violator unit, prerelease centers, probation boot camps, probation violator unit, residential drug treatment facilities, restitution centers, therapeutic communities , work ethic camps and work release centers (Cengage Learning, 2009). The evidence based practice is therefore and integral part of the community based correction. This is an approach that aids the authorities in the correction department to make well informed decisions based on the best available evidence on correction for the researches and these evidences acting as the guiding principles in correction policy development asShow MoreRelatedProbation Effectiveness And Perceptions Of Recidivism1316 Words   |  6 Pagesmember of my community, and a taxpayer, I greatly admire the work that probation officers and other members of our corrections system do for our society. However, I do not believe enough is being done. Recidivism is â€Å"a person s relapse into criminal behavior, often after the person receives sanctions or undergoes intervention for a previous crime† (National Institute of Justice, 2014). Recidivism is an important measure of program success. The entire p urpose of the corrections system is to preventRead MoreCorrections Programs of North Carolina and Oregon Essay817 Words   |  4 PagesCommunity corrections programs in the United States are founded upon the same principles of promoting public safety and security by housing any individual that has broken the laws established by society. However, while there are several similarities there are also several differences in each individual states correctional programs and philosophies. Consequently, those similarities and differences for the states of North Carolina and Oregon will be individually analyzed and explored. The state ofRead MoreThe University Of Southern Mississippi848 Words   |  4 PagesServices as an intern. This internship allowed me to further my knowledge in correctional studies and provided the necessary resources to complete my master’s thesis. I was also exposed to various policies and procedures pertaining to probation practices while gaining a vast amount of knowledge assisting with investigations, liaisons between state and local agencies, and the intricacies of offender case management. Furthermore, I was able to form close relationships with employees of the agencyRead MorePaper 1688 Words   |  3 Pages Brian Wheeler CJ130: Introduction to Corrections Prof: Terry Campbell Unit 2 In this paper I’m going to describe how society’s response to crime impacts public policy, sentencing, practices, and correctional operations. Also an overview of the evolution of society’s views on crime and punishmentRead MoreJail and Prison Comparison Paper1460 Words   |  6 Pagesby police officers. The authority of states to build, operate, and fill jails can be found in the Tenth Amendment, which has been construed to grant to states the power to pass their own laws to preserve the safety, health, and welfare of their communities. Jail is to protect the public and citizens of county by providing a wide range of constructive, professional correctional services for pre-trial and convicted detainees. Jail is also ensure the safety and welfare of staff, visitors, and offendersRead MoreJails, Prisons and Community Based Corrections1210 Words   |  5 PagesJails, Prisons and Community based Corrections Anthony Canez CJA/204 June 27, 2013 Robin Downey Jails, Prisons and Community based Corrections In this essay I will attempt to explain and discuss probation and how it compares to other forms of sentencing, the types of prison, the origins of rehabilitation in prisons, parole and how it differs from mandatory release and finally options of community corrections. Ending the essay will be a critique on the current rehabilitation options. The historyRead MoreFuture of the Juvenile Justice System1280 Words   |  6 Pagesregarding community involvement, law enforcement, courts, corrections, and the private sector. These recommendations address issues that the system is currently facing and offers solutions for the future. A justification of the system is also offered based on the histories, trends and causation theories. Community Involvement Community involvement is an important aspect of the juvenile justice system. Police form communities ties through their involvement and contact with those in the community. JuvenileRead MoreProbation As The Most Frequently Used Sentence For Those Convicted1169 Words   |  5 Pageswith another 840,000 on parole (Rabuy, 2017). With those individuals representing the largest percentage of the American corrections system, it is important that we learn as much as possible about probation in order to improve the success of these programs. Probation involves a set of conditions that the probationer agrees to adhere to in exchange for remaining in the community. Typical conditions include a waiver of the offenders fourth amendment rights, maintaining employment or school attendanceRead MoreData Is Essential For Project Planning1286 Words   |  6 Pagesefficacy of program goals (Kettner, Moroney Martin, 2013). While the term evidence-based practice is widespread, there is no universally accepted definition for the term â€Å"evidence-based program† (Children’s Services Council of Palm Beach County, 2007). Evidence in this context refers to data collection of specified variables that define service characteristics and results. Data must be based on the best available evidence from systematic research wherever possible (Johnson Austin, 2006; McNeillRead MoreMandatory Re-Evaluation Of Ex-Offenders : Case Study793 Words   |  4 Pagesnetwork budget have led to the inability of ex-offenders to circumnavigate their possibilities upon re-entry into the public. In low-income communities treatment and social service, programs are not readily available (Dart, n.d.). The level of government that my chosen issue involves is local. The immediate target would include the county jail with in my community. the appointed official to be contacted is the director of the sheriff’s o ffice. As the prisoners may go through many physical and mental

racism speech Essay - 1431 Words

For centuries a disease has plagued our nation just like AIDS has Africa, I bet you all are wondering what this disease is. You probably think that it can be treated with limited breakouts every few years. The virus Im talking about is racism. Imagine living every day in fear knowing that where ever you go, everything you do is being observed and judged. Imagine walking into a store or a boutique and having someone watch every move of yours thinking that you’re going to steal something, or expose a bomb from under your clothes. Imagine being mocked and hated at school because youre different. Imagine being left out because of your skin colour. No one enjoys being left out, but then, why do people judge? Why do people set a fire of†¦show more content†¦The employee made sure that nothing had been stolen from the shelfs that he walked past by. I believe that racism should be stopped because racism can result in acts of physical abuse and violence. People get mentally and physically hurt by people who are being racist. For example there was a refugee who was beaten by a racist guy in Wollongong for doing absolutely nothing; he was punched multiple times before being robbed. The refugee, who had arrived in Australia from his native Eritrea only five days earlier, required stitches in his left ear and lost a tooth in the ordeal, this isn’t normal in any way. People who get mentally hurt by racist actions can do strange things. They can start to become racist themselves, or even commit suicide, which is an awful thing. Racism not only leads to social problems but it also causes mental illness and violence for example, self-harm, depression and the harming of others. In most cases the victim starts to feel helpless, isolated, depressed and irritated. Experiencing racism can change a victim’s life forever. Nearly half of all Australian residents from a diverse background have experienced racism at some time in their life. WHY? Only because they look different? On a Wednesday afternoon a well-dressed 54 year woman in a mustard jacket unleashed a lecture of abuse at other passengers on a Sydney to Newcastle train, it started because some young kids aged between four and ten didn’t automatically give up their seatsShow MoreRelatedSpeech Racism Essay823 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Speech- How would you like to be called names or even beat up because of you skin colour, religion, ethnicity, or beliefs? Imagine walking into a classroom everyone laughing at you, talking about you behind your back because of your race. Imagine not getting hired for a work because of you race. Imagine playing sport everyone singing negative chants about your race. Well this is happening everyday all around the world. But first let’s describe Racism. Racism is the discrimination of a person becauseRead MoreSpeech On Racism And Oppression1604 Words   |  7 Pageseducated on racism and oppression, however after reviewing my initial video from the first few weeks of class, I quickly comprehended that in fact I had not been appropriately educated on racism or oppression throughout my life. I was among many individuals in society who were convinced that they looked at all individuals equally, so color of skin was never a factor taken into consideration. Unfortunately, I didn t realize how damaging the colorblind approach was. In reality, I was ignoring racism as aRead MoreNegative And Hate Speech On Racism748 Words   |  3 Pageseverywhere. Though today a young boy had been racially hurt only because of the words. He has been one of the racially hurt victims in the world. To him it is not something to joke about not with your friends or anybody. Now negative and hate speech about racism is entering the minds of students and kids around the world. It is being brought into the schools of America and what is to come of the future generations? Our country it is made up with different types of people with captivating heritagesRead MoreRacism and Stereotype in Karl Linders Speech1157 Words   |  5 PagesRacism is a fatal flaw in human society. Whole cultures could be eradicated or brought to the brink of destruction, such as when Adolf Hitler, leader of the Nazi regime, brought on the Holocaust. In his efforts to bring the Jews to extinction he captured and imprisoned the Jews into concentration camps separated from the rest of society. Karl Linder in his efforts to keep the community of Clybourne Park â€Å"pure† for his growing family, attempts to assert dominance over the Stoller family (the CaucasianRead MoreSpeech : Speech On Racism And Weather1106 Words   |  5 PagesBarack Obama Race Speech was delivered on March 18, 2008, at the Constitution Center. When presidents give speeches there are multiple different perspectives, everyone makes their own assumptions on speeches. Race has always been an issues in the U.S. and it will always be, some never see an ending to racism because we don’t live in a perfect world and you can’t make someone believe something you believe because you think it’s right. Obamas presidential speech touches on racism and weather you supportRead MoreRacism Speech1587 Words   |  7 PagesHorrendous is what I can say to describe this.   Ã‚  Ã‚      Read this very carefully guys and take a close look at yourself and the environment that you live in today†¦ â€Å"P.W. Botha speech 1985† (I was 3 years old): THE FOLLOWING is a speech made by former South African President P.W. Botha to his Cabinet. This reprint was written by David G. Mailu for the Sunday Times, a South African newspaper, dated August 18, 1985. Pretoria has been made by the White mind for the White man. We are not obligedRead MoreInformative Speech On Racism1152 Words   |  5 PagesSo many times I’ve seen people say racism is not an issue anymore. So many times I’ve been told I’m living in the past. So many times I’ve been blown off about it because â€Å"its 2017 that’s over with.† I’m a young mixed kid who was raised on the south side of Oklahoma City†¦.not a pretty place. My dad died when I was young in a gang related incident, and I have five brothers and sisters with all different dads. I guess you could say I come from a rough family. My grandma took my little brother and IRead MoreObama Perfect Union Speech - Contemporary Racism1070 Words   |  5 PagesContemporary Racism President Obama’s speech â€Å"A More Perfect Union† was a response to many outbursts made about things that Reverend Jeremiah Wright, Obama’s former pastor, had said on issues of racism. The reverend made statements that Obama called dismissive when what the world needed most was unity to overcome the continual racism in the country. Quotes from the Reverend such as â€Å"In the  21st  century, white America got a wake-up call after 9/11/01. White America and the western world came toRead MoreEssay on Racism Speech by Charles R. Lawrence643 Words   |  3 PagesRacism Speech by Charles R. Lawrence In the following essay, Charles R. Lawrence encompasses a number of reasons that racist speech should not be protected by the First Amendment. In this document, he exhibits his views on the subject and what he feels the society should confront these problems. In this well- written article, he provides strong evidence to prove his point and to allow the reader to see all aspects of the issue. On Racist Speech Charles Lawrence has been active in hisRead MoreUse And Manipulation Of The English Language1394 Words   |  6 Pagesalliance with their audience. â€Å"If freedom of speech is taken away, then dumb and silent we may be led, like sheep to the slaughter† (qtd. in Lindenbaum). This famous quote is an excellent interpretation of one of the most pivotal acts of a distinguished leader, Martin Luther King Jr. On August 28, 1963, MLK presented one of the most iconic speeches in the world to call an end to racism (Carson). However, what makes â€Å"I Have A Dream† such a momentous speech that continues to inspire movements and rebellions

Moot Court Outline Free Essays

General Outline of a Moot Court Argument INTRO May it please the court, my name is _____ and I represent the Petitioner/Respondent __(name)___. [REBUTTAL REQUEST PROCEDURAL BLURB (for Petitioner ONLY)] With the court’s permission, I would like to reserve 2 minutes for rebuttal. Thank you. We will write a custom essay sample on Moot Court Outline or any similar topic only for you Order Now This case is on appeal from the District/Circuit Court (name of court). The District/Circuit Court denied Petitioner’s request for _____, holding _____. ROADMAP Your honors, _______ is a violation of international law and we ask that you ________ for (the following) two/three reasons: 1. First, [substantive legal argument – strongest point] 2. Second [substantive legal argument] 3. And Third, as a matter of public policy OR as public policy dictates, [policy argument] ARGUMENT 1. With respect to the first point your honors . . . OR First, . . . CONCLUSION Since [first point], [second point], and [third point], Petitioner/Respondent respectfully requests that this Court finds ____ a violation of international law. Thank you. [REBUTTAL (for Petitioner ONLY)] Respondent made one/two point(s) that I would like to address. (First) Respondent stated that . . However, . . . OR Respondent contends that _____. However, . . . MISCELLANEOUS SUGGESTIONS – For Rebuttal: o Attack misstatements and glossed-over weaknesses. o Address concerns of the court. o One to two points – most important point first. – If you obviously and/or materially misspeak, say â€Å"rather, ____† OR â€Å"pardon me your honors, what I mean to say is ____† and cor rect yourself. – If you are really hard-pressed for a transition, say, â€Å"which brings me to my second/third point† and find a way to fit what you were talking about into that point. If you are going to quote a case, drop the case language verbatim into your outline and KNOW the pin cite. – If you aren’t sure what the judge is asking, seek clarification. o This can also be used as a stall tactic if you are unsure how to answer the question. o Say something like, â€Å"Your honor, I want to make certain I understand your question, would you mind regarding-phrasing? † – DON’T: o Say, â€Å"I don’t know† in response to a question. ? If you don’t know the answer, say something more like, â€Å"Your honor, I am unable to fully answer your question at this time. However, I would be more than happy to submit a supplemental brief on the issue/matter/case. † o Smile or laugh or otherwise lose composure during argument (unless the judges are smiling and laughing and you feel it would be inappropriate to NOT smile and laugh). o Take a pen up to the podium. – DO: o Outline your argument! ? Try to reduce your argument to 2-3 pages. ? Use headings and sub-heading. Bold, capitalize, etc. for ease of reference. ? Use a manila folder to organize your arguments. †¢ Take nothing but that manila folder up to the podium. Listen carefully to opposing counsel’s arguments and the judges’ questions. ? Take verbatim notes of both. Quote and/or directly address if appropriate. o Know, in advance of the argument, which points you are willing to concede (if any). o Preface your answers with the following: ? Yes your honor, however . . . ? No your honor. †¢ Be cautious using this one – it can appear less-than deferential. ? I (respectfully) disagree with your honor’s characterization/construction of . . . o Have your introduction, [procedural blurb], roadmap, and conclusion memorized. How to cite Moot Court Outline, Essay examples

Cost Effectiveness And Resource Allocation â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Cost Effectiveness And Resource Allocation? Answer: Introducation Cost effectiveness is one of the main aims of firms; it is imperative for the management to consider if it is part and parcel of the resource allocation. The first step is to apply the standardization in cost management. Standardization of cost management is a significant step that ensures that the same standards are used in the process of monitoring the overall costs of the operations. The other step relates to the implementation of activity based costing[1] the method is paramount in the identification of the actual costs that are accrued in production, selling and delivering the products and services that the company deals with. Nonetheless, variance analysis also engages the linking of the budgets with cost effectiveness. Variance analysis shades light on the deviations between the actual costs and the predicted costs. The variance also allows for the comparison of the companys costs with those that are incurred by other companies in the industry. Through the variance analysis, m anagers can identify the critical success factors and the weaknesses. With this, the managers can come up with policies that will help them improve their performance. Process of Resource Planning The process of resource planning is vital in the achievement of the objectives of the business. The first step involves defining of the project of the business. The next step is to formulate the strategies and the measures to take. The third step is to implement the strategies and the measures. Lastly, the results can be utilized in adapting and improve the business.[2] The process of resource planning is determined by the way resources are allocated. If resources are properly allocated then the process of resource planning will run smoothly. Model for measuring resultant resource planning The model that will be significant in this case will be the logical model. The model will aid in the measuring of the performance of the resource planning. The model will involve the stake holders where they will in a position to access the performance and the direction of the organization. The logical model creates a room where the impact of the resource planning on the objectives of the company can be checked. Various factors must stir the implementation of resource planning. For example, changes in the behavior of the employees and in the norms of the society, the involvement rate, the levels of customer satisfaction and the capacity of the resource planning to help in the improving of the services and the goods that are rendered[3] The tolerances that will trigger implementation will include spending of more resources to factors that need more attention such as customer satisfaction and also in promoting of transparency throughout the organization so as participation by all is en couraged. The tolerances arise due to the dire need to encourage possible business decisions, create accountability and promoting effective and efficient utilization of resources. Process for comparing the forecasted budget The first step involves coming up with variance reports. The report will state the deviation that exists between the actual costs and the predicted costs of the organization. The report can be in the form of a table. The other step is to look into the components that constitute of costs and then justifying why the variances are available. The next step is to consider the effect that the variances have on the fixed costs. Likewise, one has to consider the impact on them on variable expenses. All these can be made easier through the use of tables.[4] Afterward, it's a chance to give conclusions and come up with recommendations. The conclusion and recommendations will form the way forward of how to deal with the situation at hand. In the allocation of the budgets, all the recommended individuals should be involved. Then the roles of budgeting should be properly delegated. The resultant of the measurement The result of the measurement will be predetermined by parameters in the logic model. The model aims at indicating if the resource planning is favorable or unfavorable. The model will be tested through it proving that it has parameters that will produce the desired results. The parameters in the model include the encouragement of the use of accurate data, the information should also be reliable. The parameters also instigate the use of resources that can be tested to identify their validity. In addition, the model allows for conclusions to be made should be justifiable by the model. The model should be that which can allow the implementation of transparency that will allow evaluation and assessment to be made with ease. References Cassidy, A., A practical guide to information systems strategic planning. CRC press, 2016. Estampe, D. et al., A framework for analyzing supply chain performance evaluation Models,International Journal of Production Economics, vol. 142, no.2, 2013, pp. 247- DRURY, C.,Management and cost accounting. Springer, 2013. Marseille, E.et al., Thresholds for the costeffectiveness of interventions: alternative approaches,Bulletin of the World Health Organization,vol. 93, no. 2, 2015. pp. 118- [1] Marseille, E.et al., Thresholds for the costeffectiveness of interventions: alternative approaches,Bulletin of the World Health Organization,vol. 93, no. 2, 2015. pp. 118-124. [2] Cassidy, A., A practical guide to information systems strategic planning. CRC press, 2016. [3] Estampe, D. et al., A framework for analyzing supply chain performance evaluation models,International Journal of Production Economics, vol. 142, no.2, 2013, pp. 247-258. [4] DRURY, C.,Management and cost accounting. Springer, 2013.

Creation of Pakistan

The partitioning of the Indian subcontinent led to the foundation of Pakistan as a predominantly separate state for Muslims and established a sectarian boundary with the Republic of India, which became predominantly Hindu.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Creation of Pakistan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main explanation for the creation of Pakistan was the need to protect the Muslims from oppression and discrimination they faced as a minority group in predominantly Hindu regions, and provide an environment favorable to the practice of Islam. Pakistan inherited a system of governance based on the British legal code that had been in force during the colonial regime. The adoption of the Objectives Resolution in 1949 marked the onset of the transformation of Pakistan into an Islamic state because the resolution led to the inclusion of Islamic laws and teachings in various aspects of implementation of future l aws in Pakistan. Another major undertaking that encouraged the transformation of Pakistan into an Islamic state was the declaration of Islam as the official religion in 1956 based on the consideration that a significant percentage of people in Pakistan practiced Islam (Cohen 41). Furthermore, the creation and adoption of the first constitution of Pakistan provided a foundation upon which an Islamic state could thrive. The constitution describes the structuring of the Senate and National Assembly and creates slots meant for representatives of women and minority religious groups.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this regard, unlike during the era of the Muslim League, where accommodation of other religious groups was minimal, all-inclusive systems are evident in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan as parliament made a consideration for minority religions and allowed free pr actice of other religious beliefs. The analysis of the evolution of Pakistan from a Muslim state to an Islamic state requires an understating of transformations in the form of governance and restructuring of institutions based on the Islamic religious law. The aspect of Pakistan being an Islamic state is evident in the purpose of its initial leaders to seek for the creation of a predominant Muslim state and the reign of Mohammed Ali who was the president of the Muslim League, which largely supported the division of the state of Bengal based on religious lines (Jaffrelot 137). While the Indian National Congress (NIC) opposed the creation of regions based on religion, the Muslim League sought to establish a system that would safeguard the rights of Muslims. As the rift between INC and the Muslim League increased, as evident by the failure of the two groups to join against the British in the 1930s, leaders of the Muslim League embarked on plans to establish a Muslim state. The pursuit of a separate Muslim state led to the eruption of sectarian civil conflict in India that pitted Hindus against Muslims and remained unresolved despite the calls for an untied India by Lord Louis. To end the conflict that was spiraling out of control, Lord Louis agreed to the demands of the Muslim League and formed two separate states.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Creation of Pakistan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the relationship in various aspects of a Muslim state and Islamic state such as the dominance of Islamic laws and teachings, the characteristic of Pakistan as an Islamic state started to emerge with the incorporation of Islamic law within the structure of the parliamentary democracy in Pakistan. In this regard, democratic electoral institutions and the existence of popular sovereignty in Pakistan highlight the features of an Islamic state. Works Cited Cohen, Stephen P, The idea of Pakistan , Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2004. Print. Jaffrelot, Christophe, A history of Pakistan and its origins, London: Anthem, 2004. Print. This essay on Creation of Pakistan was written and submitted by user Arielle Harper to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Cold War Communism essays

Cold War Communism essays Considering the fall of Cold War communism and other notable events of the second half of the 20th century, C. Wright Mills The Power Elite still seems to holds up on several points as read in the year 2002. Charles Mills died in 1962 at the age of 46 as a distinguished professor of sociology. He was a pragmatist and he was always concerned with real world problems. His writing style and attitude seems somewhat bitter today but I suppose the truth as he saw it was pretty dismal. In the excerpt from the book, he comes to a seemingly abrupt logical conclusion that there is no large-scale conspiracy by the power elite of America. In the unabridged version of The Power Elite he probably develops the reasoning more methodically. I believe his conclusion is correct, however I think it would have been interesting to get his take on events such as the Kennedy assassination - if he had only lived to see it and the contradictory ballistic evidence such as the Zapruder documentary film. I t hink he may have viewed the Kennedy assasination as an attempt by the military industrial complex to quell a politically popular leader who overstepped his bounds on various social issues of the day. In the very first paragraph Mills makes his opinion and frustration clear as men and women of the mass society . . . are without power. Right away it puts me in the mind of 1980s Berkeley Marxists and their resentment of capitalism and American party politics. This type of writing is poignant in its humanism but a bit dated especially by 21st Century writing styles. His revulsion toward socio-economic strata and capitalist inequity reveal his idealism. His careful analysis of social and political influence from the 1950s, I believe, holds true today: [celebrities] . . . do often have the power to distract the attention of the public or afford sensations to the masses . . . to gain the ear of those who do occupy positions of power.&...

Mixed Design Research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mixed Design Research - Assignment Example Creswell in his bestselling text Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed method Approaches (Third Edition, 2009). This book talks about the qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methodologies depending on each form of inquiry: it deals right from the initial stage of philosophical assumptions to the writing and presentation of the research paper. In keeping with the mixed method approach on the subject of educational research, which is what this paper examines; the greatest challenge higher education faces in the future are issues of funding and searching for authentic funding agencies; availability of relevant materials in one’s hometown (Metros and big cities have an advantage over people from smaller towns and villages who need to relocate sometimes); availability of research guides; issue of limited seats in common entrance exams for Fellowship purpose; accessibility of research materials, especially journals, often leading to time-consuming processing of limi ted sponsorships to visit those places to get the relevant journals; issue with library access to rare books and consequent time wastage while waiting for library loans to be processed; availability and access to labs with state-of-the-art infrastructure and technology, and issues with unaided research especially for science students where they would need to visit labs every day and cannot devote time to anything else. The issues stated above are real-time challenges experienced and observed by an eminent college professor; who has been teaching English to university students for the last 5 years (Anonymous, 2011). In fact, due to issues with lengthy processing of library loans and lack of proper access to journals and other relevant research materials, she had to visit London on applied sponsorship for about two months to get access to those rare journals and books in order to complete her thesis paper on time. The professor